I'll attach it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I'll append it - Essay Example For instance, I scanned for database overseer occupations in Chicago and I had the option to get the fundamental data required. From the sites, I had the option to get a couple of results in different organizations. The sets of expectations on the two destinations seem to manage striking likenesses, for example, the breakdown of the obligations of the potential information chairman, the measure of experience that he/she should have and instructive capabilities. Also, the locales gave a stage to either sparing the expected set of responsibilities for sometime later or reference, and a connection for going after the position in the event that one needed to. The vast majority of the sets of responsibilities for the database overseer work, didn't cite the pay extended for the employment opportunities. In any case, dice.com is increasingly appropriate for work searchers who are in the IT business and offers more data on openings for work in that division. Then again, monster.com extends to a more extensive quest arrange for work opportunities in all divisions. One factor that I discovered helpful with wwww.monster.com, is its generally simple application technique when contrasted with dice.com. Despite the fact that monster.com has a simpler application process, I saw dice.com as the better site since it offers progressively nitty gritty data and gives urgent profession counsel. In outline despite the fact that the two destinations extend to comparative employment opportunity portrayals, I saw dice.com as the better choice as far as the profundity of the activity postings, easy to understand interface and a quicker handling

Varying Sentence Structure

To include intrigue, improve stream, and represent your refinement as an essayist, consistently attempt to change the sentence structure inside sections. Numerous essayists get into the Sally, Dick, and Jane groove, where their sentences are basic developments of subject-action word object. This makes for dull reading†¦ yet it additionally can affront the insight of the normal peruser, who is fit for handling data that is introduced in sentences of fluctuating lengths and differing developments. We’ll utilize a model from Atlas Shrugged. (Everybody is constantly dubious that I harbor Objectivist propensities when I spout over Ayn Rand, in any case, this intrigue was deserted quite a while in the past. Ayn Rand’s composing, and her fixation on flawlessness, is still to be appreciated. Without a doubt, she was somewhat bats, yet her composing is extraordinary.) The accompanying portion is composed utilizing a similar sentence structure, again and again: Her leg was formed by the tight sheen of the stocking. Its long queue ran straight over a curved instep to the tip of a high-obeyed siphon. It had a female polish that appeared to be strange in the dusty train vehicle. It was additionally strangely mixed up with the remainder of her. Ayn Rand’s unique: Her leg, designed by the tight sheen of the stocking, its long queue running straight, over a curved instep, to the tip of a foot in a high-obeyed siphon, had a ladylike polish which appeared to be strange in the dusty train vehicle and strangely confused with the remainder of her. While this sort of composing contains a lot of prosper for article composing, and the sentence presents data in a more intricate way than you would need to, notice how the depiction joins like components into a consistent entire without butchering it into bumping pieces (simply like Dagny’s leg is a long, solid line). Regardless of whether you’re expounding on Dagny Taggart’s hot games, or the medical advantages of carrots, you can at present make stream that makes perusing and retaining data intriguing. Carrots are solid. They contain a lot of nutrient A. Eating carrots is useful for your eyes. There is some proof that eating carrots will assist you with finding in obscurity. Better sentence structure: Carrots, which contain a lot of nutrient An, are incredibly solid. Truth be told, carrots are incredible for eye wellbeing, and there is some proof that eating carrots will assist you with finding in obscurity. Learning better approaches to build sentences is as basic as opening up a magazine, perusing from a regarded online distribution, or getting your preferred exemplary. Obviously, you ought to consistently adjust your composing style for your theme, your crowd, and clearness. In any case, what you gain from others can generally be refined into essential standards to use to improve your own abilities.

Clustering for Memory and Recall

Clustering for Memory and Recall Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Clustering for Memory and Recall By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on May 02, 2019 Willie B. Thomas / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Clustering involves organizing information in memory into related groups. Memories are naturally clustered into related groupings during recall from long-term memory. So it makes sense that when you are trying to memorize information, putting similar items into the same category can help make recall easier. How Does the Clustering Process Work? Have you ever tried memorizing a long list of words? Imagine that you are trying to remember lists of vocabulary words for a biology class. One way to make it easier to remember the items on your list is to break it down into smaller groups of related items. Instead of simply trying to remember the entire list in the rote form, you might cluster information into smaller groupings according to whether the items are related to topics such as cell division, genetics, ecology, or microbiology. How to Use Clustering to Remember More This strategy can be used effectively when trying to memorize long lists of information. For example, imagine that you are trying to memorize a long grocery list. One way of making the information more manageable would be to cluster items into related groups. For example, you might make separate clusters for vegetables, fruits, grains, meats, and dairy items. Lets take a look at another example of clustering. Read the following list of words: grapes table bus apple chair airplane desk banana sofa car train plum lamp motorcycle strawberry dresser bicycle peach Chances are that you automatically grouped these items into three clusters: fruits, furniture, and modes of transportation. Consider how difficult it would be to try to memorize the above list of words in order of presentation. By reorganizing the information and connecting each item to related items, you would be much more likely to remember more. Clustering Methods How do you decide how to form the different clusters? While this may be obvious for some lists, it will be less so for others. Hard Clustering: In the above example, something either is a fruit or isnt, so its easy to make the distinction. In hard clustering, you separate the items by distinct qualities. Think about what makes the items in the list distinct. You may have some leftovers that dont seem to have qualities in common.Hierarchical Clustering: Start with all of the objects in the group and begin to group them two by two for the ones that are the most similar. Then look at the pairs and group the closest pairs together so that you now have groups of four. For simple memorization, thats probably as far as you want to go. Clustering Effects for Memory Research into memory has found two common types of natural clustering. Temporal Clustering: You are more likely to recall items that are in neighboring positions on lists. For example, if the bird is followed by toast, you are likely to remember toast after bird if you memorized the list in order.Semantic Clustering: You are more likely to recall similar items from the list. This is the type of clustering you are maximizing by breaking a list into similar items and then memorizing them in clusters. Semantic clustering can be paired with temporal clustering in this way.

Secondhand Smoking Should Be Illegal - 1276 Words

In our generation smoking still exists even though there are some people who quit smoking and there are some still smoke in ages, however the only problem in our society, people who smoke around youngsters called as well as secondhand smoking is a detective around children and adults. It is important that secondhand smoke shouldn’t be smoking around their own children or underage due to health. Secondhand smoking, tobacco smoke is exhaled by a second smoker or is given off by burning tobacco and also is inhaled by someone nearby which it’s called passive Smoke. It occurs when tobacco smoke spread throughout any environment, which causes it s inhalation by people within that particular environment. The state of being exposed to secondhand†¦show more content†¦Children s lungs are still developing at young ages and adult’s occurs harmful effects on the heart. There are millions of children breathing smoke in their home with second hand smoke and second han d smokers don’t realize that their children are especially at more risk to their health than they are. Smoking in vehicles with under age of 18 should ban the law and children whose parents smoke around should also be illegal because in a small enclosed space such as a vehicle with a sunroof has more toxic air which expose breathing more rapidly. According to the author Leada Grove, created an article from AL.com wrote that â€Å"80 percent of smoke is invisivble and opening windows does not remove its harmful effects. The level of toxic air in a vehicle where someone is smoking is up to 10 times worse than levels that is considered hazardous†. Approximately 250,000 children and adults (non smokers) have died from health problems that exposed to secondhand smoke. Some states in the U.S. had established the secondhand smoke law that is illegal, however other states are still under construction to establish this law. All states should make this law a new law for all sec ond hand smokers because as of right now our country have gained a major health issue and money wise for the government. From the other side of my argument, People who smoke argue that they have personal rights and the right to burn their own cigarette any way they

Disability And Disability Reflection Paper - 1153 Words

We have all taken classes that have taught us new things, but have any of them really impacted your whole life and change the way you view the world. That is the experience I felt after completing my FSP course, Ability and Disability: Deconstructing the Social and Cultural Gaze. As part of this semester, our class had the opportunity to spend time with an organization that involved people with disabilities. This was called our Community Engaged Learning (CEL). Our class, for our CEL, worked with the organization Arc Mercer, located in Trenton, NJ. Arc Mercer is a non-profit organization, and their goal is to service people with developmental disabilities with opportunities to choose and realize their goals. It is a safe community†¦show more content†¦I gained a new lense on disability, and gained new relationships. My interactions, and relationships that I gained from the students at Arc Mercer, were like none other I have had in my life. It was hard to speak or have a conversation with some of them, but one of my favorite conversations I had, that I will always remember, was with one of the students, name Maria. Maria wasn’t able to speak very well verbally, but was able to use sign language to communicate. Luckily for me I take sign language as my language and was able to have a conversation with her. She told me that she was fifty-five and that she had a son in the class too, named Michael, who was in his mid twenties. I talked to her only for about ten minutes talking about her life, her friends and family. That short ten minutes was an amazing experience. Because of my knowledge in sign language I was able to have a conversation with her that not many people even working there could have done. I could tell that she was happy being able to talk to someone through her language , and it made me happy as well. I learned in class that it can be hard interacting or communicating with someone who has autism, or any other type of disability. Once we find a way to communicate with them; whether it is through a personal narrative, typing on a computer, or using sign language, we are able to learn so much about them andShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Students With Disabilities995 Words   |  4 Pages Chapter 7 was enlightening and the chapter I was able to relate with the most thus far. For example, one part of the text stated that educators and families often set low expectations for students with disabilities. I can relate to this personally. When I was in the IDEA program, my classes were rarely challenging and my teachers generally set low expectations for my peers and me. I believe the reason for this was to not stress the students or push them past their limits. However, my best teachersRead MoreSpe 513 Week 2 Spe513 Week 2 Essay1027 Words   |  5 PagesClick Link for the Answer: http://workbank247.com/q/spe-513-complete-course-spe513-complete-course/13555 http://workbank247.com/q/spe-513-complete-course-spe513-complete-course/13555 SPE 513 WEEK 1 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT REFLECTION PAPER Write  a 500- to 750-word reflection paper. Include  your experiences and beliefs as a student in a classroom with exceptional students. Address  the following questions: * How was diversity addressed when you were in school? * What changes have you noticed inRead MoreSpecial Education Reflection1329 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: REFLECTION PAPER Reflection Paper En Tseh Wang Lehigh University Special Education 332 (Education and Inclusion of Individuals with Special Needs) has been enlightening for me as a secondary mathematics educator. In the beginning of the semester, my feelings towards special education were those of apathy and insensitivity. I now understand that my feelings were due to my lack of knowledge and my judgment based on stereotypes. I always knew that making fun of studentsRead MoreEse 697 Week 2 Assignment Lesson Plan 2 Phonics or Oral Language655 Words   |  3 Pagesphonics and oral language for students with disabilities. In the classroom, it is important for all lesson plans to not only integrate effective strategies for instruction and accommodations for students with disabilities, but to also align with Common Core State Standards and the student’s individualized needs. This lesson plan will focus on using effective, research-based strategies for teaching phonics or oral language to students with disabilities, with an additional emphasis on planning forRead MoreEssay on Special Education Reflection1336 Words   |  6 Pages Running Head: REFLECTION PAPER Reflection Paper En Tseh Wang Lehigh University nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Special Education 332 (Education and Inclusion of Individuals with Special Needs) has been enlightening for me as a secondary mathematics educator. In the beginning of the semester, my feelings towards special education were those of apathy and insensitivity. I now understand that my feelings were due to my lack of knowledge and my judgment based on stereotypesRead MoreReflection Papoer765 Words   |  4 PagesReflection Paper FP/120 January 4, 2012 Caryn Callahan Reflection Paper This paper will discuss the objectives of week four. Team B’s discussion will include the characteristics and functions of different types of insurances, the importance of wills, and explain what taxable income is, and the steps an individual needs to take to file his or her federal tax return. Insurance The function of possessing insurance is to help cover a part of what a person has lost. It consists having a poolRead MoreCritical Reflection1285 Words   |  4 PagesCritical reflection Assignment 2. Critical Reflection (50%) Part A. 1250 words Due date: Monday 14 October 2013 (hand in during tutorial) References- a minimum of 7 current and relevant references required and used within the critical reflection to support discussion. Three of these references need to be recent peer reviewed journal articles outlining research in this area. Task: Students are to critically reflect on the professional responsibilities of managers and leaders in earlyRead MoreLearning New Vocabulary At Parkview Middle School972 Words   |  4 PagesThe participants of this study were the twelve students enrolled in my second period and sixth period language arts classes at Parkview Middle School. All students are classified with a disability. Ten students are classified with an emotional disability, one is classified other health impaired and one is classified with autism. The participants included nine male students and three female students. Three students were enrolled in sixth grade, three in seventh grade and six students were enrolledRead MoreUsing Manipulatives Help Increase Mathematical Performance For Students With A Learning Disability1539 Words   |  7 PagesMany students with a learning disability have a hard time grasping number sense. Having an intervention strategy may help these students when they are trying to underst and number sense. A number of studies have been done on trying to determine if using manipulatives help increase mathematical performance for students with a learning disability. Tournaki, Bae, and Kerekes (2008) conducted a study to figure out the effects on mathematical performance when using a manipulative, the rekenrek, to teachRead MoreLiterature Review Of Assistive Technology1277 Words   |  6 PagesAssistive technology includes products and related services that improve the functioning of children with disabilities. Many forms of technology, both â€Å"high† and â€Å"low,† can help individuals with learning disabilities capitalize on their strengths and bypass, or compensate for, their disabilities. In conclusion, appropriate assistive technology can be a powerful tool to increase a child’s independence and improve their participation. It can help children become mobile, communicate more effectively

Drug Abuse in Modern Day Society Free Essays

Drugs: Positives And Negatives In Our Society Imagine a man who is in his late 20’s, a recent graduate of medical school, happily married to his high school sweetheart. He is about to have a child right when his addiction to heroine flourishes. Due his inability to quit the addiction, he loses his job and his wife no longer wants anything to do with him, which leads him to have nothing left. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Abuse in Modern Day Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is thrown out on the streets, without any will to change his life around and get back on track.While one will argue that the effects of drugs bring good things to the people, a lot of others will look down upon the use of drugs. This depends on which type of logical conscience you are discussing with. In modern day culture, we are a little more accepting to the use of specific drugs as compared to previous eras. Drug use is not beneficial because it causes a loss of motivation, social isolation and an increase in criminal behavior. Drug use causes a loss of motivation, which prevents the user from achieving his/her goals.Due to drug use, addicts let drugs take over their lives and as the addiction continues, using becomes their main focus. Further more, devotees generally forget about crucial aspects of their lives, such as: family, friends, work, school, and other important factors. When a user is addicted to a specific drug, they scare of their friends who don’t agree with their addiction. Friends have a tough time understanding, especially if they are not using themselves. This can be very crucial because these friends do not want to be there for the user and make it harder for them to recover.Any given drug can lead these users to let the controlled substance interfere with their abilities to build upon their careers. This influences the junkies to lose their jobs by being unproductive and unsatisfying to their employers, which leads to a lack of will to succeed. In other cases, drug fiends give up on improving their lives. Juveniles are especially vulnerable to drug addiction because of immaturity and peep pressure. This carries over to them dropping out of school and making it harder for them to develop a future.Users ignore their dream of having their own family, which distances them from any potential partners. When humans don’t have anyone left, no money, no job and nothing to care about, they just give up even more and have a state of mind that discourages them completely. At the point of total loss, an addict gets cut off from society and thus, ruins his/her ambition to get back on track and start a new chapter in their lives. Social isolation results from drug addiction. When addicts fall into the habit of abusing drugs, they alienate themselves from their loved ones.This ultimately leads to a contrast in priorities between the two parties. Families do not sympathize with the situation of the addict, which leads to the user being kicked out on the streets and being financially and emotionally cut off. When this occurs, it abolishes communication and may possibly lead to further difficulties for potential recovery. At this point, it is hard for the user to seek aid. Junkies tend to look to their friends for help and a little more understanding, but often, the devotee pushes his or her friends away through paranoia. The drug user sometimes thinks that their friends are trying to hurt them or do bad things to them, so they no longer trust their friends. Other times, the user is in a state of mind, which leads them to do anything necessary to obtain their desired drugs, which results in the addict to steal money or the drug from them. While getting used to this particular pattern of stealing, this act continues until the friendship comes to an end. When two or more friends do not continue to view things on the same level anymore, then the friend ship is in danger.Mainly when connection is lost them the tolerance of the user is non-existent. Users do things in ways where friends find it completely not acceptable and run away from the addict. Social isolation between the addict and the general public continues. The user often abuses until they get caught. Once getting cut off entirely by their families, the user continues to hide their addiction from people who’s goals are to potentially help overcome the addiction. Overall, social alienation is crucial to one fiend’s life, but sadly, occurs too often.Drug use fuels criminal behavior as a means to supply one’s addiction. When an addict is tied to the constant need for drugs, he/she will do whatever it takes in order to supply themselves. The easiest way to obtain these drugs is by either stealing the drug itself or money to buy it. Addicts will start to commit violent acts to get money once they are homeless and have no way of getting the drug. One of the most popular tendencies is to rob houses and stores. Drug fiends will go around stealing from stores and robbing people of their money to go buy drugs.After the crime is committed, many of these victims of violence will be greatly against these devotee’s and not accept them into society. Leading people to turn away from wanting to help the addicts. One of the most common outcomes of committing a crime is getting into trouble with the law. When the users get caught for stealing, they get arrested and sentenced to jail time depending on the severity of the crime. Once in jail, the addict will most likely not even be able to get their hands on the drug ever again and cause serious risks to their health, in terms of withdrawal’s. When an addict steals the drug itself, they feel as if they can get away with anything, which is not what we would want as a society. When citizens see homeless people who look like they have seriously abused drugs, they are turned away from them completely and at this point there is nobody left to help them. Despite their abundance in our culture, drug use is not something that should be practiced. Although it may make one feel better in the short term, the long-term affects can be devastating.The long-terms affects could be a threat to your future because you can be held back from achieving your goals and education. It can also greatly depend on a user’s power of will. If the user can control themselves and not let the addiction get in the way of their lives then drugs wont be a problem, but rarely being the case. Drug use causes one to lose motivation, socially isolate themselves and engage in criminal behavior. These are the reasons why drug use is overwhelmingly negative. How to cite Drug Abuse in Modern Day Society, Papers

Julius Caesar Essays (945 words) - , Term Papers

Julius Caesar Brutus Inability to Assume Political Leadership of the Conspiracy Against Julius Caesar In Julius Caesar, Shakespeare presents a broad range of historical personalities as complicated human beings in agonizing conflict with one another and with themselves. Literary authors A.L. Rowse once wrote, No issue hinders a mans leadership capabilities more than his confusing perception of honor, noble idealism, and inner self-conflict (15). In his drama about power, nobility, assassination, and revenge, Shakespeare examines this particular issue best in his simple yet complex characterization of Brutus. Guided by conflicting emotions, Brutus, an idealistic man, is unable to assume political leadership of the conspiracy against Julius Caesar. However, although he ultimately participates in Caesars murder, he is neither a clear-cut hero or villain. On the contrary, it is the corruption and instability of human nature that eventually leads to his downfall. Brutus lacks several important ingredients in regard to assuming political leadership: confidence and ambition. He is also indecisive. His inner conflict is first revealed in a conversation with Cassius in which he responds to Cassius fear that his friend Brutus disapproves of him. Brutus assures Cassius that he is not angry with him, but with himself: Cassius, Be not deceived. If I have veiled my look, I turn the trouble of my countenance Merely upon myself. Vexed I am Of late with passions of some difference, Conceptions only proper to myself, Which gives some soil, perhaps, to my behaviors. But let not therefore my good friends be grieved (Among which number, Cassius, be you one), Nor construe any further my neglect Than that poor Brutus, with himself at war, Forgets the shows of love to other men. (1.2. 37-46). In Scene I, Cassius utters the first in a series of persuasive remarks designed to win Brutus on the part of King 2 the conspiracy to destroy Caesar. But Brutus is incapable of assuming the leadership role as his self-conflict reflects both his personal love of Caesar and his duty to the Republic. He admits, however, that he loves honor more than he fears death, and that he will act in the public good at any cost. Later in the conversation, Brutus reassures Cassius, revealing that he is somewhat inclined toward Cassius sentiments. He then promises to consider the information that Cassius has already presented, to discuss it further, and to give him an answer at a later date. For the present, Brutus tells Cassius: Till then, my noble friend, chew upon this: Brutus had rather be a villager Than to repute himself a son of Rome Under these hard conditions as this time Is like to lay upon us (1.2. 171-174). Brutus noble character is established by both Cassius and Caesar. Brutus is a reflective man, dedicated to the principles of the Republic, to love and friendship, to duty, and to honor. For the sake of honor, he will even face death (as, in fact, he does at the end of the play). But as strongly as he holds to these ideals, he is just as strongly torn by conflicting loyalties to these ideals. Brutus makes decisions deliberately, and he is not quickly influenced by persuasive and passionate argument. He is torn between his love and admiration for Caesar and the anti-Caesar sentiments he admittedly shares with Cassius. The emotions of love and respect for Caesar that Brutus feels are authentic and deep. The effect is to make the political leadership against Caesar impossible. Again, Brutus conflict consists of his love for Caesar on one hand, and his concern for the social good and welfare of the Republic on the other. According to historian Steven Ozment, Brutus tends to rationalize his actions by altering his view of its desirability (qtd. in Roberts 152). He can find no justification to gain the political leadership of the conspiracy against Caesar in Caesars past actions; therefore, he finds justification for it in what Caesar might become. He assumes that Caesar will develop into a somewhat bombastic and unbearable tyrant if he is crowned king. On the basis of this assumption, he decides to murder him. The flaw of his reasoning is that Brutus does not raise the question of whether or King 3 not a moral end justifies immoral means, nor does he consider that his actions may be met with public disapproval. Brutus overcomes his

Kent State Letter essays

Kent State Letter essays Describe your motivation for graduate study, your future professional goals, and your reasons for having selected Kent State University for graduate study. You are encouraged to identify any faculty with whom you have a particular interest in working. There are many who believe Star Trek was correct in saying Space is the final frontier. I disagree; I believe the final frontier is the immense depth and mystery of the human mind, with psychology acting as the medium for discovery. Psychology was always a fascinating subject to study, but not one I saw in my future. When I started college, I decided history was the line of study I wanted to pursue. I joined a historical research group directed by Dr. Mark Gradstaff at Brigham Young University. Under the direction of Dr. Grandstaff I researched the different portrayals of WWII GIs in propaganda and their resultant effects on the American citizenry. The research I was doing with Dr. Grandstaff was basically historical psychology. As my research continued I took psychology classes each semester and found myself more fascinated with each class and decided to make psychology my main focus of study. With this new drive and enthusiasm for psychology I did two things, first, I joined a psychological research group at BYU, directed by Dr Michael Lambert, and second, I did readings with Dr. Diane Spangler. With Dr. Lambert, I participated in many different projects including: finding definitions for the Dictionary of Psychology published by the American Psychological Association, and editing chapters for APA format and content in the Bergin s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (5th Ed.). With Dr. Spangler I participated in discussions and was given recommendations to read magazine articles and such books as: M. Craskes book Anxiety Disorders and D. Barlows Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders (3rd Ed). ...

Telling Time in Mandarin Chinese

Telling Time in Mandarin Chinese When navigating everyday life, it is important to know how to tell time in order schedule meetings, meet up with friends, know that youre running on time, and so on. The Chinese time system is fairly straightforward, and once you have learned your numbers you just need a few more vocabulary words to be able to tell the time. Here is an introduction on how to tell the time in Mandarin Chinese so that you can make plans while in a Chinese-speaking region. Numbering System Before learning to tell time in Mandarin Chinese, you need a solid grasp of Mandarin numbers. Here is a quick review of the Mandarin numbering system: All number vocabulary is based on the numbers from zero to ten.Multiples of 10 are expressed as 2-10 (20), 3-10 (30) etc.Numbers above 10 are expressed as 10-1 (11), 20-3 (23) etc.The number 2 has two forms: à ¨r when counting, and liÇŽng when used with a measure word (as in telling the time). Time Vocabulary This is a list of time-related Chinese vocabulary words. Audio files are included to help you with pronunciation and listening comprehension skills.   Ã¥ ° Ã¦â„¢â€š xiÇŽo shà ­: houré ËœÃ©   ­ (traditional) / é’Ÿå ¤ ´ (simplified) zhÃ… ng tà ³u: hour分é Ëœ / 分钟  fÄ“n zhÃ… ng: minuteç §â€™ miÇŽo: secondæâ€" ©Ã¤ ¸Å  zÇŽo shang:  morningä ¸Å Ã¥ Ë† shng wÇ”:  morningä ¸ ­Ã¥ Ë† zhÃ… ng wÇ”: noonä ¸â€¹Ã¥ Ë† xi wÇ”: afternoon晚ä ¸Å  wÇŽn shang:  eveningÃ¥ ¤Å"è £ ¡ / Ã¥ ¤Å"é‡Å'  yà ¨ lÇ : late  night甚é º ¼Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ¥â‚¬â„¢ / ä »â‚¬Ã¤ ¹Ë†Ã¦â€" ¶Ã¥â‚¬â„¢? shà ©nme shà ­hou:  when?Ã¥ ¹ ¾Ã© »Å¾ / å‡  Ã§â€š ¹? jÄ « diÇŽn:  what time? Time Format Mandarin time is most commonly expressed in â€Å"digital format, which means one would say 10:45 rather than â€Å"a quarter to eleven.† However, the word bn (Ã¥ Å ), which means â€Å"half,† is often used for 30 minutes past the hour.   Examples Now that you know your numbers and some basic time-telling vocabulary, lets put it all together. What can you say when someone asks you ç  ¾Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ ¹ ¾Ã© »Å¾Ã¤ ºâ€  Xinzi jÄ « diÇŽn le, or What time is it? 10:30Ã¥  Ã© »Å¾Ã¥ Å  / Ã¥  Ã© »Å¾Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã¥  Ã¥Ë†â€  shà ­ diÇŽn bn / shà ­ diÇŽn sÄ n shà ­ fÄ“n11:00Ã¥  Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã© »Å¾Ã© Ëœ shà ­ yÄ « diÇŽn zhÃ… ng12:15Ã¥  Ã¤ ºÅ'é »Å¾Ã¥  Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥Ë†â€  shà ­ à ¨r diÇŽn shà ­ wÇ” fÄ“n1:00ä ¸â‚¬Ã© »Å¾Ã© Ëœ yÄ « diÇŽn zhÃ… ng3:20ä ¸â€°Ã© »Å¾Ã¤ ºÅ'Ã¥  Ã¥Ë†â€  sÄ n diÇŽn à ¨r shà ­ fÄ“n5:55ä ºâ€Ã© »Å¾Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥  Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥Ë†â€  wÇ” diÇŽn wÇ” shà ­ wÇ” fÄ“n8:00 in the morningæâ€" ©Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¥â€¦ «Ã© »Å¾ zÇŽo shang bÄ  diÇŽn2:00 in the afternoonä ¸â€¹Ã¥ Ë†Ã¥â€¦ ©Ã© »Å¾ xi wÇ” liÇŽng diÇŽn9:05 in the evening晚ä ¸Å Ã¤ ¹ Ã© »Å¾Ã¤ ºâ€Ã¥Ë†â€  wÇŽn shang jiÇ” diÇŽn wÇ” fÄ“n

Real estate national overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Real estate national overview - Essay Example In addition to, France hosts a number of NATO agencies, which play a significant role in the development of the group. France is an active part of the modernization process of NATO military (Milligan, 14). The state of the national economy of France is that it is stagnating. It is evident through growth, unemployment, and national debt. According to statistics, the economy of France will hit the European Union budget shortage of 2007 (Murphy, 8). The French believes that an intervention can bring the situation under control. The French president believes that an expansive fiscal policy is essential in dealing with the French economy. France has a GDP of $35700 in comparison to other nations in the region (Boyer, Berend & Haba, 19). The economy of France has expanded its horizons when relating various sectors of the economy. The central government has privatized most large companies in France to allow other stakeholders help the nation to develop. On the contrary, the government maintains to play a significant role in some sectors of the economy. The government manages to hold a majority of the shares in industries such power, transport and defense system. France has at least 82 million foreign tourists annually, and it is the most visited country in the world. France leaders are capitalists, and they have maintained a social equity through laws and policies. The unemployment rate in 2008 rose from 7.8% to 10.8% in 2013(Boyer, Berend & Haba, 19). Despite the slow rate of growth in France, the borrowing rate reduced significantly and attracted investors to the country. The demand for housing in France rose due to the massive demand for houses. The increase in interest rates increased the demand for houses in the nation. The availability of long mortgages has encouraged the demand for houses in France. The financial crisis caused a drop in housing projects in France. In comparisons with other countries, there are many similarities when it

Management accountiong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management accountiong - Essay Example asure of two projects, this project favors the project with which has a higher present value though its likely to have a higher initial capital outlay, its not dependable when projects have different capital outlays. It's difficult to calculate as well as to understand and use in comparison with the pay back method or even the returns on the capital employed. Advantages of internal rate of return It considers the time value of money. It takes into account the total cash flows and outflows. It's easy to understand It's consistent with the overall objective of maximizing the shareholders wealth. Limitation of the internal rate of return It involves tedious calculation. It produces multiple rates which can be confusing. 3. ACTIVITY BASED COSTING This is a controlling and a planning tool which allocates costs to products in value chain analysis. It enables the overhead costs to be allocated to the respective product which incurred it rather than using the traditional methods where by the overhead costs were allocated as a percentage of the total overhead costs. It enables the managers to identify the products which incur higher costs therefore to charge them at a higher price or look for means to control these costs. 4. PEST ANALYSIS Political environment: These affect the operations of the business in UK; these laws encourage the existence of free markets where the market forces set the equilibrium hence there is fair competition. This encourages the supermarket to compete at a fair ground with its competitors. Economic environment: this affects the consumer consumption depending with the disposable income; this affects the way in which the supermarket will stock its products. Corporate taxes will also determine the manner in which it will price its products. If the...It enables the overhead costs to be allocated to the respective product which incurred it rather than using the traditional methods where by the overhead costs were allocated as a percentage of the total overhead costs. It enables the managers to identify the products which incur higher costs therefore to charge them at a higher price or look for means to control these costs. Political environment: These affect the operations of the business in UK; these laws encourage the existence of free markets where the market forces set the equilibrium hence there is fair competition. This encourages the supermarket to compete at a fair ground with its competitors. Economic environment: this affects the consumer consumption depending with the disposable income; this affects the way in which the supermarket will stock its products. Corporate taxes will also determine the manner in which it will price its products. If the taxes are very high then this will be reflected in the prices. Technology: the level of technology used in production affects the prices of the products of the supermarket, if the competitors are well off with better technology then are likely to have higher returns if the market prices are equal. Performance related pay is known to improve manager's production due to the fact that they have a budget against which controls them in using the firm resources.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: The Identity of Characters

Identity of Characters in A Midsummer Night’s Dream Where Shakespeare's tragedies will tell the story, chiefly, of a single principal character, this is rarely the case with his comedies. The comedies are more social and deal with groups of characters. In the case of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the principal groups are, at first, introduced severally. Though, one group may interact with another (as when Puck anoints Lysander's eyes, or Titania is in love with Bottom) they retain separate identities. While each of the groups is separate, there are symmetries which appear among them: Theseus and Oberon (and, in a way, Bottom) are rulers and figures of authority in their proper spheres. Hippolyta and Titania are consorts who defy their lords, but ultimately submit to their lordship. Often one pair is to be contrasted with another: the well-matched lovers Lysander and Hermia contrast with the ill-matched Demetrius and Helena (they resemble Pyramus and Thisbe). Even Puck has his human counterpart in Philostrate. The serious strife of the young nobles contrasts with the good fellowship of the mechanicals while it resembles the contention of the fairy rulers. Complete depiction of a complex character (as in Hamlet) is not attempted here, and would be wholly out of place. This is not a fault but reflects the different concern here of the playwright. But we do find very economical portrayal of strong and vivid characters, in Puck, Bottom, Oberon, Titania, Theseus, Helena and Hermia. Of t hese, the first two stand out as among the greatest of Shakespeare's creations. Puck first appears at the start of Act 2, and is rarely off the stage from this point. He is essential to the narrative: he carries out his master's orders obe... ...ically as anything in the tragedies, his anti-greeting ("Ill met by moonlight...") almost a snarl. But his concern for the lovers, and his pity for the ridiculous dotage of Titania show how he is capable of gentler feeling. Theseus' obvious sympathy for Hermia in 1.1, has a parallel in his concern not to belittle the efforts of the mechanicals to celebrate his wedding: "The best in this kind are but shadows, and the worst are no worse, if imagination amend them". His prose speaking here might indicate a concern that the workmen should understand him, to lessen their sense of awe. In Theseus, Shakespeare brings dignity and humanity to the familiar mythical hero; in Oberon, he embodies the most benign qualities of Elizabethan woodland sprites in a fairy king more vivid, concrete and passionate than any original of Oberon on whom he may have based his depiction. A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: The Identity of Characters Identity of Characters in A Midsummer Night’s Dream Where Shakespeare's tragedies will tell the story, chiefly, of a single principal character, this is rarely the case with his comedies. The comedies are more social and deal with groups of characters. In the case of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the principal groups are, at first, introduced severally. Though, one group may interact with another (as when Puck anoints Lysander's eyes, or Titania is in love with Bottom) they retain separate identities. While each of the groups is separate, there are symmetries which appear among them: Theseus and Oberon (and, in a way, Bottom) are rulers and figures of authority in their proper spheres. Hippolyta and Titania are consorts who defy their lords, but ultimately submit to their lordship. Often one pair is to be contrasted with another: the well-matched lovers Lysander and Hermia contrast with the ill-matched Demetrius and Helena (they resemble Pyramus and Thisbe). Even Puck has his human counterpart in Philostrate. The serious strife of the young nobles contrasts with the good fellowship of the mechanicals while it resembles the contention of the fairy rulers. Complete depiction of a complex character (as in Hamlet) is not attempted here, and would be wholly out of place. This is not a fault but reflects the different concern here of the playwright. But we do find very economical portrayal of strong and vivid characters, in Puck, Bottom, Oberon, Titania, Theseus, Helena and Hermia. Of t hese, the first two stand out as among the greatest of Shakespeare's creations. Puck first appears at the start of Act 2, and is rarely off the stage from this point. He is essential to the narrative: he carries out his master's orders obe... ...ically as anything in the tragedies, his anti-greeting ("Ill met by moonlight...") almost a snarl. But his concern for the lovers, and his pity for the ridiculous dotage of Titania show how he is capable of gentler feeling. Theseus' obvious sympathy for Hermia in 1.1, has a parallel in his concern not to belittle the efforts of the mechanicals to celebrate his wedding: "The best in this kind are but shadows, and the worst are no worse, if imagination amend them". His prose speaking here might indicate a concern that the workmen should understand him, to lessen their sense of awe. In Theseus, Shakespeare brings dignity and humanity to the familiar mythical hero; in Oberon, he embodies the most benign qualities of Elizabethan woodland sprites in a fairy king more vivid, concrete and passionate than any original of Oberon on whom he may have based his depiction.

Relativism in Culture and Morality

It is said that morality is nothing more or less than obeying the rules imposed by one’s own culture. With this in mind, the most fundamental premise is that there must be culture prior to having a morality, or similarly, culture gives way to morality. It is also said that if one’s culture requires that a certain act be done or be refrained from, then doing that act or refraining from doing is one’s moral duty. Thus, doing or refraining from doing things as moral precepts entail the presumption that it should or should not be done because culture espouses that thought. If a certain culture does not prohibit or allow a certain act from being done or otherwise, it must be the case, then, that the act cannot be attributed to any moral boundaries.Moreover, it has also been said that all of one’s moral duties are not absolutely held by all people for there are cultural variations across various civilizations. Suicide in the contemporary times may be an immoral act, but in earlier times the Japanese culture may even allow suicide and treat it as morally required. These things point the idea that there is no encompassing morality transcending time and regional boundaries.As more and more people grow and as nations rise and fall, one can hardly contest the idea that the morality held by the people centuries ago may be found to be obsolete these days. This is in the sense that not only does culture vary among societies. Culture also varies from within these respective societies, evolving with time and thus creating a corresponding paradigm shift in those societies’ perception of morality.How, then, should we treat and differentiate moral relativism and cultural relativism? In order to have a better grasp of the question at hand, it should be noted that the idea of relativism is that nothing can be taken as absolute and that variations are present and indicate that things are relative. The idea of moral relativism then becomes an idea w hich opposes the absoluteness of moral precepts, or of a single arbitrarily given morality as supreme and the only morality held by different societies.On the other hand, cultural relativism would then present itself as an idea which indicates that, in much the same way as moral relativism, no single culture is exactly the same as another culture, and that the idea of a single and unifying culture is bound to be dissolved precisely because cultural variations are present everywhere.The essential difference between cultural and moral relativism stems from the core terms ‘morality’ and ‘culture’. It has been said beforehand that culture gives way to morality and that moral standards are dependent on the cultural foundation of certain societies. This being the case, the difference between morality and culture is that the latter is the foundation of the former and that the former will disintegrate or would have not come into existence without the latter. For in stance, the moral precept that â€Å"cheating is bad† would not have come into what it is when there is no culture which believes in that precept, or when there is no culture which treats it as a moral principle.To put things in another way, the sense of rightness or wrongness is not entirely absolute or binding to all individuals. What is right for an American may not necessarily be right in the sensibilities of and moral doctrines subscribed to by Japanese citizens. It would likewise be not fitting to view and justify the actions of Nigerians from the moral perspective of a Norwegian precisely because what goes for Norwegians only befits Norwegians at least in terms of moral doctrines. The relativism of morality is even truer from within the ranks and files of nations. Even from within societies, not all people have the same moral beliefs, and that their sense of rightness or wrongness does not necessarily fit into a single and unified moral scheme.Apart from the fact that not all people subscribe to the same and exact moral doctrines whether in the past or today, the multiple moral doctrines we have today reinforces the idea that morality emanates from a single cultural system alone. The main premise behind this is that every nation or perhaps every society is culturally unique. It has been said before that culture gives way to morality, and the mere existence of many different moralities only suggest the corresponding idea that all of these moralities came from a single cultural source.Indeed, it would be dangerous to assume that, in one way or another, the moral dogmas of Chinese are entirely related to the moral dogmas of the Afghans, or that these two nations hold the same source for their moral foundations, which is a single culture. Not only is it difficult to comprehend and accept even its hypothetical validity, it is also dangerous precisely because two distinct cultures would essentially put forward their own moral doctrines which blend well enough with the structure and inner workings of their societies.Cultural experiences of individuals also vary, depending on the situation or on the society in which one belongs. For many centuries, civilizations have given birth to people who have strong ties to the culture they grow up with, eventually giving these people a strong sense of attachment to the culture they belong. The best way to understand or at least see the distinctness of a culture is through its people who eventually will signify that no two cultures are exactly the same, although it can be accepted that there may be certain overlapping features or similar characteristics.Yet it must be reminded that being similar does not necessarily mean being the same. Taken collectively, the various cultures may appear to be a large fabric of many different colored patches. The same can also be said about cultural experiences, and the extent of the differences among the specific cultures may extend indefinitely for one solid reason: cultures evolve through time.To say that there is cultural evolution implies that moral precepts are continuously evolving, or changing, as well. It would suffice to say that a change in cultural entities, whether large or small, entails a consequent effect on moral entities. That is, people may start thinking and acting newer forms of their culture, in some or in whole parts, abandoning old customs or merging them with new ones. One result would be that the moral beliefs of these people would also begin to change. For instance, technological advancements have given rise to certain cultural ideologies not present in the past.We now have societies whose culture has been deeply embedded in the information and communication technology era like that of the Japanese who constantly harbor advanced forms of technology and applying them to their lives. The sense of right and wrong have been affected by these forms of technology, paving the way for new ethical standards which seek t o foster the delicate balance between doing what is right and doing what is just. More specifically, the use of the internet has created a new moral field in terms of the ethical standards which envelop the user’s experience of the internet.At this point, the relativism of a changing culture is emphasized more and more by the sharp contrast between the nations which have a strong technological grasp and the societies which still lack these things. Even more so, it should be clear that the nations with strong technological grasp are the ones which are most likely to realize the ethical standards drawn upon by the use of these technologies.On the other hand, nations which are yet to experience these technologies may not be aware at all of any ethical standards directly related to these technological benefits. These things only show that the relativism of both culture and morality is not only emphasized by their variations among societies but is also highlighted by the changes i n culture and, consequently, morality brought about by the experiences of the society and the changes which take place through time and development.One argument which can be posed as a challenge to the relativism of culture and morality is the idea that even though there are differences, it still does not warrant the idea that culture and morality are both relative. That is, even if there are perceivable specific differences to the culture of a certain society to that of another, or to the morality of one community to that of the other, the general presumptions of morality and culture remain the same across these unique societies. For example, Indian and Saudi Arabian societies may hold specific differences with regard to their moral and cultural precepts.But when these two precepts are viewed from a larger and more general perspective, one may observe that morality remains the sense of right and wrong and that culture remains the way of life. The argument being posited against the relativist claim is that differences arise in the specific details of culture and morality to every society yet these differences do not altogether warrant the idea that everything else in morality and culture is relative. Specific differences do not guarantee relativism and that a more general understanding of the culture and morality of different societies remain the same—morality remains the sense of right and wrong while culture remains as the way of life.Such an argument against the relativism of culture and morality is bound to encounter at least two criticisms: first is that it abandons or neglects the factual differences of cultures and moralities by reverting to a more general perception of the two and second is that it also confuses the idea of differences and its implication of relativism.By reverting to a general perception of culture and morality, the argument against relativism neglects the fact or sets aside the fact that there are differences between cultures and moralities both within and without the societies in order to serve the purpose of refuting relativism. While the argument does not put forward any claim for absolutism for culture and morality, it can be understood that such an argument nevertheless seeks refuge in the thought of a general culture and a general morality. By simply positing the definitions of culture and morality, it appears that the argument is a mere tautology which does not argue well.Further, the argument against relativism asserts that the differences do not guarantee relativism. Such an argument may only gain merit if there are no factual differences which, in, reality, signifies or espouses relativism. Apparently, there are factual differences and that these differences do not only stand by themselves as mere differences but more importantly as indicators that cultures and moral doctrines are relative.Moreover, the argument fails to take into consideration the fact that certain cultures and moral doctrines have also changed albeit gradually. These changes further strengthen the fact that there are wide differences even today as societies continuously evolve. If it is indeed true that there is no relativism in both culture and morality, it must also be true that the things that Japanese citizens hold to be right and wrong are also in line with what the rest of the world holds to be right and wrong. Apparently, this is not the case precisely because there are factual differences and that these differences are precisely the reason why there is relativism in culture and morality.In conclusion, culture gives rise to moral precepts and that changes in culture would eventually spur corresponding changes in these moral precepts. These changes may not necessarily occur simultaneously across various societies, which is why there are differences among cultures and moral precepts at the least. The evolution of societies from past to present have correspondingly caused changes in cultural beliefs as well as moral perceptions of people, thereby positing the fact that culture and morality have been relative since early years.BibliographyOppenheim, Felix. â€Å"In Defense of Relativism.† The Western Political Quarterly 8, no. 3 (1955): 411-417.

Aliens Gender Roles Enchaned By Cyborgs - 1587 Words

Alien Notes- Cyborgs Exosuit. Aliens Gender Roles: Enchaned by cyborgs . Nobody believes her. Even the other woman smoking cigarette in suit. Man recoomends her for psychiotiatric evaluation. Liutenant Gorman Colonial Marine Core LV 126. Lost contact with colony. Colonial Marines-trained to deal with situations. Soldiers. Have lots of firepower â€Å"can handle any situation.† They want Ripley as an advisor. Ripley seems to be in charge. Burke trying to convince Ripley. Has nightmares and contacts Burke. Says she will only go back if they agree to â€Å"wipe them out† not just study them† Marine car hyper exaggerated how tough they are. Girls are like men. â€Å"Who’s snow white† referring to ripley. Acting like vasquex is so tough. Tells manly joke is like one of the guys. Doing pull ups, super tough. The marines tell super innapropriate jokes, really offensive to act super tough. Bishop- Android. Begas the marines to not do 5 finger felay. Marines so tough they play 5 finger felay with bishop how sharp he is. Android- Prefers term articial person. A2’s were a bit twitchy. Impossible to harm another human being. Reason he can’t hurt guy in 5 finger felay. Ripley is distrusting of Androids. Marines smoking ciagreets during Ripley’s speech. Vasquez looking bored of Ripley. Ignores her details and once to find the aliens only, acts tough. Hudson speaks out against own military officer again emphasizing his toughness. Challenges his authority. Ripley asks if there’s

The Repulsive Truth Behind School Lunches Essay - 1514 Words

The Repulsive Truth Behind School Lunches Thirty one million kids nationwide eat school sponsored meals twice a day for a hundred eighty days and on average for twelve years. In this sense school lunches are an important and critical component of childhood nutrition and development. Yet these meals are highly processed and filled with chemicals and preservatives. School lunch rooms are essentially fast food restaurants; they unload shipments of frozen food then heat it up in glorified microwaves and serve it hot and ready. This is the same basic principle of fast food restaurants and people all know how terribly unhealthy fast food is for them. Still America feeds this toxic material to kids every day. This has been a tremendous issue†¦show more content†¦As a country, we spend $110 billion a year of fast food and $50 billion on diet aids.† We are killing our kids with pitiful food in school and at home, parents send their children to school to eat cheap lunches and th en feed them fast food at home. All at the same time combating a costly war with diet related illnesses that America is creating. This is a fight the people cannot win with just diet aids; people must cut back on fast food consumption but first and foremost we must cut off the head of this monstrous snake; school lunches, for it is biggest issue and priority one is getting healthier foods in our schools for the sake of our children and for the sake of their futures. It is a monumental challenge that is worsening every year which is why we must act quickly. Children in the United States in the 1950’s were fed unhealthy school lunches of high fat, high cholesterol foods, consisting of ice cream, whole milk, mashed potatoes, and pot roast, with 1,000 calories, 33 grams of fat, 1,300 mg of sodium. Today sixty years later, school lunches throughout the nation are lacking vegetables, still loaded with carbohydrates and fats, two percent milk, canned fruits, processed meats, with 45 grams of fat, 1,200 calories, and almost twice as much sodium. Lunches that are healthier of our kids consist of

Biology The Chiral Molecules Essay - 1019 Words

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction Many biomolecules besides amino acid are chiral, which contain one or more asymmetric carbon. Recently, the studies of the chiral molecules in the biological assembly system have been a subject to an extensive research. In order to improve the biosensor detection level, several research has been carried out, especially in the electrochemistry based research. In this study, collagen is used with the combination of carbon nanotubes to create a new bio-composite compound. However, this new type of bio-composite compound for certain need to go through some analyzation in order to improve the condition of the new bio-composite produced. Collagen can act as a very good matrix when combined with the†¦show more content†¦In this project the MWNTs is used. Multi wall nanotubes are made up of multiple roll layered of graphene. It can come out either in the course of a coaxial assembly of SWNT similar to a coaxial line, or as a single sheet of graphite rolled into the form of a coil. The diameter of MWNTs is usually in the range of 5 nm to 50 nm while the interlayer distance is as close as the distance between graphene layers in graphite. MWNT is easily produced in high volume quantities compared to SWNT but the structure of MWNT isles understood as it possessed greater complexity and variety. So, the regions of structural imperfection may diminish its desirable properties. Figure 1.1 (a) Structures of MWNTs Figure 1.1 (b) SWNTs and MWNTs 1.2. Fundamentals of Voltammetry Technique 1.2.1 Three electrode system The three electrode system consists of the working electrode, a reference electrode, and the auxiliary electrode which made it important in Voltammetry. This three electrode plays an important role in the three electrode system. Reference electrode refers to the electrode that has a recognized electrode potential. Besides that, reference electrode can be used as a half cell. When the electrode acts as a half cell, the other half cell electrode potential can be discovered. There are two widely used reference electrode which is saturated calomelShow MoreRelatedImportance of Stereoisomers in a Biological System652 Words   |  3 Pagessubtle differences have wide sweeping implications. In living organisms chiral molecules are usually present in only one of their chiral forms. For Example the amino acids that make up proteins are only found as their L iosmers whereas glucose only occurs as its D isomer. Evolution has played a large role in this fact by favo uring one isomer over the other. 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The following essay will be focussed mainly on the subject of Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or more commonly DNA. DNA is a highly complex, intricate and extraordinary macromolecule found within all living cells. DNA is a biochemical noun and can be defined as ...a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituentRead MoreBCH190 Essay14810 Words   |  60 Pagesï » ¿Quiz # 2 on lectures 3, 4, and including Chapter 2 1. Difference occurs in the sequence of long chain molecules and becomes information in biological organisms. ‘Life’ assembles itself into chains: (A) of RNA (B) all of the answers are correct (C) of DNA (D) of protein (E) none of these answers are correct 2. Which of the following foods is not a significant source of complex carbohydrates? 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All but one of these amino acids (glycine) has two different chiral forms (mirror images of each other). While an organism lives, their proteins are composed of only left-handed (laevo, or L) amino acids, but once the organism dies the left-handed amino acids slowly turn into right-handed (dextro or D) amino acids

Lust for Power; Destruction of Humanity Free Essays

Lust for Power; Destruction of Humanity â€Å"Power†, the literal meaning of this word is â€Å"control†. Unfortunately, we are living in a world where the lust for power has resulted in the destruction of humanity. From the lower class clerks to the industrialists of the highest class, everyone is involved in a race, a race to get to the top. We will write a custom essay sample on Lust for Power; Destruction of Humanity or any similar topic only for you Order Now And they are willing to use any means to get there. Leg pulling has become a culture now a days, no one can digest anyone else’s success. Everybody is blinded by this hunger for attaining power. Take any one; a student can do anything to get an A in his finals, even if it may involve sabotaging his fellow students’ work. A country can go to unthinkable extents to get to the top, even if has to take down another country and kill numerous of innocent people. In our country, â€Å"Pakistan†, we are going through the same phase. Every day we see T. V shows where politicians are busy shouting and yelling, blaming other politicians, fighting just to get power and get a hold of our country’s treasury, or at least what’s left of it. No one really cares about the people; everyone is just interested in making their own lives better. We kill, we destroy, and we hurt the feelings of other human’s, just to satisfy our hunger. Is this what we have been taught? Are these our moral and social ethics? Is this what our Religion has guided us to do? No it is totally against everything. But we are all too busy thinking about our wants and we forget that we are humans. We have figuratively turned into cannibals. If this keeps up, very rightly man himself will become the reason for the extinction of his own self! How to cite Lust for Power; Destruction of Humanity, Papers

The Influence of Constructivism free essay sample

I intend to investigate the idea that the Constructivists created the blueprint for modern consumerism and methods of advertising. I will investigate semiotics and Marxism in context with my study. In today’s society of consumerist culture I think the topic of propaganda is interesting as I feel propaganda goes hand in hand with advertising. In today’s society we are relentlessly saturated with loaded words and images, for this reason I wanted to investigate the origins of consumerism and today’s advertising. The purpose of Soviet propaganda was to create a new type of world; Lenin wanted to remodel the world under Socialist Realism and visual propaganda played an important part in this. Using propaganda to influence people’s thoughts and actions by making them act on feelings rather than rational thought. I am going to investigate the idea that soviet Marxist ideology continues to influence To illustrate my idea I am going to discuss the semiotics of a Soviet poster designed by Alexander Rodchenko for Gosizdat (fig. ) in 1924 the poster is a typical example of the stark, distinct and timeless design of the era. The poster features Lilia brick, a muse of Vladimir Mayakovsky and later Alexander Rodchenko. The poster was designed as mass spread agitprop intended to spread the ideals of Socialist Realism with its vision of a widespread literate society. The simplified bold graphic is typical of the work produced during the Constructivist movement; the lack of decoration or of representational depiction of objects ties in with the movement’s aims to keep the production purely informative and functional. Art that fails to become part of life will be catalogued in the museum of archaeological antiquities† (Rodchenko The poster features a woman, Lilia Brick, wearing a kerchief; clothes of the proletarian workers. This design and its message was calculated so that the proletarian of Russia would relate and engage with the message the image conveys. The woman is shouting â€Å"Books† inside a trapezoid shape, as most of the population were illiterate it was necessary for the image to be understood visually. Pictures indeed could be more potent than writing because they ‘impose meaning at one stroke’ but semiotic communication could extend beyond both the verbal and the visual† (Visual Culture, Richard Howels, 2003, page 100) Personally, I think this is a timeless image but I don’t think it is very understandable without the text. It is an example of the constructivist’s novel experiments with juxtaposition and photography. Contemporary posters and graphics are testament to the strength of design this age produced. To further illustrate my idea I am going to discuss the semiotics of three advertising images and compare them with the Gosizdat (fig. 1) 1924 Lilia Brick poster from the Soviet era, which they are derivative of. The images I will discuss come from a broad spectrum in popular culture. I will look at an image from a political campaign, a mobile phone advert and a popular indie band. In order to sell and appeal, it is my opinion that these products and ideologies have borrowed the connotations of power and directness that these Soviet posters command. A humorous take on poster from the Barak Obama campaign featuring a dog in the place of Lilia Brick became a hit on the Internet. This suggests the poster has widespread appeal on masse. The poster was not affiliated with the campaign. An example of the Gosizdat posters influential use in advertising can be viewed in a Greek advert for Vodaphone mobiles (fig. 2), here the semiotics are not entirely saying the same thing as in the poster designed for Gosizdat (fig. ), in this version it is depoliticised. The poster itself comes with an extra subtext thanks to its history; the viewer can take meaning from this as well as the intended message to advertise Vodaphone. The art of the past no longer exists as it once did. Its authority is lost. In its place there is a language of images. What matters now is who uses that language for what purpose. (Berger, 1972, p. 33) The anonymous woman in the poster is supposed to be shouting some sort of offer or Vodaphone; the anonymous woman in the p oster is in black and white creating an interesting juxtaposition against the bright colour scheme. The image of the woman seems slightly more ‘cut-out and pasted in’ than the other example images. I feel this could be derivative of the Constructivists experimentation with photomontage. It is in a sense ironic that these posters are now being used to promote capitalism given that the political ideology at the time was to do with Communism. A statement made by art critic Andrew Graham-Dixon backs this up; he says in BBC4 programme The Art of Russia: Smashing the Mould â€Å"this was totally new to use words like this and that is one of the paradoxes that Rodchenko and Mayakovsky give to the West the visual language of Capitalism†¦because they are inventing advertising† (M2 PRESSWIRE-10 November 2009-BBC: The Art Of Russia on BBC Four(C) 1994-2009 M2 COMMUNICATIONS RDATE:09112009) The second example of the influence of the poster for Gosizdat (fig. ) is in the album artwork for Franz Ferdinand’s 2005 album You Could Have It So Much Better (fig. 3). The semiotics suggests the same as with the last two reworks. The band reworked two other Constructivist posters for two more of their singles artwork; This Fire 2004 (fig 4) is derivative of the El Lissitzky poster Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge 1919 and Take Me Out 2004 (fig. 5) is a rework of Aleksandr Rodchenko’s One-Sixth Part the World Post er 1923 (fig 6). The illustrator and graphic designer Shepard Fairey who created the affiliated Obama campaign posters deliberately took inspiration from Soviet posters when creating the Obama Hope (fig. 7) poster. The work of Neville Brody further backs up the ideology behind the movement and that today’s designers draw much inspiration from Constructivism. Bold design and typography classic are time enduring. The semiotics of these images have connotations of empowerment. What matters is that design is a way of reflecting social undercurrents. The Futurists supported Mussolini, whereas Rodchenko was a socialist revolutionary. I draw a sense of dynamism and optimism with no intention of a political connotation. If you look at some of Rodchenko’s paintings, you’ll see he anticipated abstract expressionism by a good 50 or 60 years. It’s so abstract, it’s completely apolitical. Rodchenko was more about humanism and humanitarianism than communism. †- Neville Brod y. Another direct example of a Soviet posters influence on recent popular culture is the occurrence of Red Wedge in the 80’s, this collective of musicians wanted to inspire young people to connect with the politics of the Labour government and inspire them to take charge of their political opinions. A lithographic poster inspired the name for this movement: Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge 1919 (fig. 8); a poster designed by Constructivist artist El Lissitzky. The Red Wedge’ logo was also inspired by the poster and designed by graphic designer Neville Brody. In the 1980s there was a revival of politically fuelled art, Neville Brody reworked the typography of the Soviet era in popular magazine The Face (fig. 9). Jenny Holzier’s Protect Me from What I Want, 1998 (fig. 10) is sending out a political message in a very simplified way just as the Constructivists did. â€Å"Holzer writes messages which are not in â€Å"her† voice but in styles that mimic the anonymous voices of authority† government, education and advertising† (Toby Clark, Art and Propaganda, 1997, page 155) The film created in the time of Soviet Russia was also influential. It has had an affect on the film production and movie editing of today. The film Battleship Potemkin, a silent film directed in 1925 by Eisenstein is one of the first examples of evocative film editing and of propaganda in film, it served as a warning against rebellion toward the government, such was the influence of this film, people at the time of its release who viewed it believed these were real events. The films this influence is apparent in are The Untouchables and Brazil. In my opinion the imagery of the Soviet era is incredibly iconic and it is not surprising that it has been borrowed time and time again. It seems evident from the examples in the text that everything from companies and politicians and popular culture will continue to borrow some of the imagery and iconography that the Constructivists strived to create, it is interesting that the artistic movements at the time of the Soviet era are not known as well as some. I have come to the conclusion that Soviet idealism has influenced much of today’s culture though the message is obviously not the same. I think the much of the advertising inspired by The Constructivists is clever as it can tap into what makes an image iconic. Companies that use the Russia propaganda style of imagery are looking to give their product cult status and iconography. With reworking of the Soviet and Constructivist style the designers are borrowing some of that power. In a world where we are saturate by advertisements the ones inspired by Constructivism are most successful in my opinion.

Marketing of Projects Essay Example

Marketing of Projects Essay The first and one of the critical steps in the project cycle management is the identification and selection process.This is an important stage such that it can affect the whole process including that of sustainability of the project after completion and transferring to operational phase. However, this stage is overlooked in some cases particularly in the process of capturing the actual needs of the beneficiaries. Instead of demand driven approach some donors including international organizations would like to follow supply driven approach. In the actual practice projects should be identified from the perspective of the needs or demand of the beneficiaries whether at community or national levels.Countries need to craft their strategic plans and programs from the point of view of the interest of their people. Donors both bilateral and multilateral including international organizations and non-governmental organizations need to direct their assistance based on the programs of the countr ies which are reflecting the actual needs of their citizens. In other words the assistance of donors should be synchronized with that of the needs of the countries that are clearly shown in the strategic plans of the latter.However, what we see in practice is not similar to that of what has been said. Particularly donations from international organizations tend to focus on the interest of the donors instead of that of the recipients. Many NGOs in developing countries of Africa, for instance, design their own program based on the aim or intention of the resources from donors rather than the needs of the society at large or the community in particular. It does not mean that recipients of funds from donors should not take into account the focus of donation funds.As the recipients have enormous needs to be addressed, then it is imperative to align and match their projects towards the interest of the donors as well. In the world where we have so many poor nations that need to be helped a nd few nations that can help then this is some kind of competition for scanty resources, i. e. funds from donors. Thus there is a need to win the competition by a given nation through adopting a smart strategy. This, among other things, require the strategy of keeping the balance between the donors’ intention of funding and the country’s policy or goals to meet the interest of the society.One of the main reasons for the failure of projects either at early stage of the implementation or not being sustainable after getting into operation stages is low attention given at the project identification and selection stage. I believe that the smart strategy of maintaining the balance between the recipient countries interest and donors fund focus area is not seriously considered during project identification and planning. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to understand the concepts of Project and Project Cycle Management (PCM) and to critically examine one of the phases of PCM, which is Project Identification.An attempt will be made to identify inherent problems that are commonly overlooked at this stage of project cycle management and to come out with recommendations as part of solutions to the problems. 2. Understanding of Project and Project Cycle Management (PCM) 2. 1 What is project? According to Nicholas, John M. (2001) some of the characteristics that warrant classifying an activity as a project centers on the purpose, complexity, uniqueness, unfamiliarity, stake, impermanence, and life cycle of the activity.Based on these features then project is defined as follows: †¢ A project involves a single, definable purpose, end-item, or results, usually specified in terms of costs, schedule, and performance requirements. †¢ Every project is unique, in that it requires doing something different than was done previously. †¢ Projects are temporary activities. †¢ Projects cuts across organizational lines because they need the skills a nd talents from multiple professionals and organizations. †¢ Projects involve unfamiliarity†¦. posses significant elements of uncertainty and risk. †¢ The organization has something at stake when doing a project. Finally, a project is the process of working to achieve a goal; during the process, projects pass through several distinct phases, called the project life cycle. Westland, Jason (2006): A project is a unique endeavour to produce a set of deliverables within clearly specified time, cost and quality constraints. Projects are different from standard business operational activities as they: †¢ Are unique in nature. They do not involve repetitive processes. Every project undertaken is different from the last, whereas operational activities often involve undertaking repetitive (identical) processes. Have a defined timescale. Projects have a clearly specified start and end date within which the deliverables must be produced to meet a specified customer requirem ent. †¢ Have an approved budget. Projects are allocated a level of financial expenditure within which the deliverables are produced, to meet a specified customer requirement. †¢ Have limited resources. At the start of a project an agreed amount of labour, equipment and materials is allocated to the project. †¢ Involve an element of risk. Projects entail a level of uncertainty and therefore carry business risk. †¢ Achieve beneficial change.The purpose of a project is typically to improve an organization through the implementation of business change. GTZ (1996): A project can be described as a process of providing inputs over a limited period: using the resources provided, activities are conducted and outputs (results) generated, in order to achieve a previously defined impact (the project purpose). We talk of programmes when more than one project in a sector, sub-sector or region are linked together by a clearly defined concept. Projects and programmes are sustain able if the impact continues to have effect.RPRLGSP, May 2009: Project is defined as follows: †¢ Work that is temporary and produces a unique product or service †¢ An intervention to conduct activities, in order to provide assistance, that will allow the ‘users’ to improve their own situation’’ †¢ An undertaking for the purpose of achieving established objectives, within a given †¢ budget and time period’’ †¢ An investment of resources to produce goods or services 2. 2 What is project management? Westland, Jason (2006): Project Management is the skills, tools and management processes required to undertake a project successfully.It incorporates: [pic] Figure 1: Project management components [pic]A set of skills. Specialist knowledge, skills and experience are required to reduce the level of risk within a project and thereby enhance its likelihood of success. [pic] A suite of tools. Various types of tools are used by pr oject managers to improve their chances of success. Examples include document templates, registers, planning software, modelling software, audit checklists and review forms. [pic] A series of processes. Various processes and techniques are required to monitor and control time, cost, quality and scope on projects.Examples include time management, cost management, quality management, change management, risk management and issue management. RPRLGSP, May 2009: PMBOK 2008, defines project management as ‘the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities, to meet specific scope, time, cost and quality goals of projects’. John M. Nicholas (2001): Project management is a system/ contingency approach to organization and management; it applies elements of classical and behavioral management and uses organizational forms and management roles best suited to the unique environment of projects. 2. 3 What is Project Cycle Management?In general we can defi ne Project Cycle Management as a tool that describes the management activities and decision making procedures used during the life-cycle of a project. The following sections show the definition given to PCM in different documents. Lucian CIOLAN –Trainer- EU Project Cycle Management: The project cycle follows the life of a project, from the initial idea through its completion. It provides a structure to ensure that stakeholders are consulted, and defines the key decision, information requirements and responsibilities at each phase so that informed decision can be made at each phase in the life of the project.RPRLGSP, May 2009: The systematic process of initiating, planning, implementing, managing and evaluating projects or programmes is known as ‘Project Cycle Management’, PCM ; it is also defined as an approach in project management used to guide management activities and decision-making procedures during the life-cycle of a project, from the first idea until the last ex-post (afterwards) evaluation. European Commission (March,2002): Project Cycle Management defines different phases in the project life with well-defined management activities and decision making procedures.PCM provides a structure to ensure that stakeholders are consulted and relevant information is available, so that informed decisions can be made at key stages in the life of a project. European Commission (May 1999): The way in which projects are planned and carried out follows a sequence that has become known as the project cycle. The cycle starts with the identification of an idea and develops that idea into a working plan that can be implemented and evaluated.Project Cycle Management integrates the phases in the project cycle so that issues are examined systematically, by means of an approach and methodology which ensures that objectives and issues of sustainability remains in focus. 2. 3What are the phases of the project cycle? Westland, Jason (2006): The project life cycle consists of four phases: Project initiation: During this phase a business problem or opportunity is identified and a business case providing various solution options is defined. Next, a feasibility study is conducted to investigate whether each option addresses the business problem and a final recommended solution is hen put forward. Project planning: This phase involves outlining the activities, tasks, dependencies and timeframes; resource plan; financial plan; quality plan; acceptance plan; and procurement plan. Project execution: This phase involves implementing the plans created during the project planning phase. Project closure: Project closure involves releasing the final deliverables to the customer, handing over project documentation to the business, terminating supplier contracts, releasing project resources and communicating the closure of the project to all stakeholders. [pic]Figure 2: The four phases of the project life cycle GTZ (1996): Categorize Project Cycle in to three phases: †¢ Identification phase-asses outset situation, establish system of objectives †¢ Concept phase-establish project concept, prepare decisions to implement the project †¢ Implementation phase- operationalize planning, implement, adjust and update planning, and terminate project RPRLGSP, May 2009: Typically, the project cycle comprises 6 or more standard project stages, phases or activities, arranged in a logical sequence to accomplish a project’s goals or objectives.Stage 1: Policy setting Stage 2: Project Identification Stage 3: Appraisal Stage 4: Formulation/planning Stage 5: Contracting/ commitment Stage 6: Implementation, monitoring midterm evaluation Stage 7: Final evaluation Lucian CIOLAN(27-29 of September, 2007): The generic project cycle within EC external aid programmes has six phases. [pic] PROGRAMMING: What are the partner’s development priorities and what is the EC’s focus for assistance?During the Programming phase, t he situation at national and sectoral level is analyzed to identify problems, constraints and opportunities which co-operation could address. This involves a review of socio-economic indicators, and of national and donor priorities. The purpose is to identify the main objectives and sectoral priorities for co-operation, and thus to provide a relevant and feasible programming frame-work within which projects can be identified and prepared. IDENTIFICATION: Is the project concept relevant to priority local needs and consistent with EC policy priorities?The purpose of the identification stage is to: †¢ identify project ideas that are consistent with partner and EC development priorities; †¢ assess the relevance and likely feasibility of these project ideas; †¢ under the ‘Programme approach’, prepare a Financing Proposal, or an Identification Fiche for individual projects; and †¢ prepare a financing decision for a Programme of projects, or determine the s cope of further work required during the formulation stage for individual projectsFORMULATION Is the project feasible and will it deliver sustainable benefits? The purpose of the Formulation stage is to: †¢ Confirm the relevance and feasibility of the project idea as proposed in the Identification Fiche or Project Fiche; †¢ Prepare a detailed project design, including the management and coordination arrangements, financing plan, cost-benefit analysis, risk management, monitoring, evaluation and audit arrangements; and †¢ Prepare a Financing Proposal (for individual projects) and a financing decision.IMPLEMENTATION, INCLUDING MONITORING AND REPORTING: Are results being achieved and resources efficiently and effectively used? What corrective action should be taken? The purpose of the implementation stage is to: †¢ Deliver the results, achieve the purpose(s) and contribute effectively to the overall objective of the project; †¢ Manage the available resources ef ficiently; and †¢ Monitor and report on progress. EVALUATION :Were planned benefits achieved, will they be sustainable, and what lessons have been learned? The purpose of evaluation is to:Make an assessment, as systematic and objective as possible, of an ongoing or completed project, programme or policy, its design, implementation and results. AUDIT: Has there been compliance with applicable laws and rules? Are efficiency, economy and effectiveness criteria being met? The purpose of an audit is to: †¢ Assess an activity/subject that is the responsibility of another party against identified suitable criteria; †¢ Express a conclusion (i. e. opinion) that provides the intended user with a level of assurance about the activity/subject being audited.According to the European Commission Manual (March 2002) the six phases of the project including the major documents to be produced and decisions to be made under each phase are summarized in the following table: |Project Cycle |Major Documents |Decision | |Programming |Country Strategy Paper |Priority areas; Sectors; timetable | |Identification |Pre-feasibility study; Project |Which options to study further | | |Identification Sheet; | | |Appraisal |Feasibility study; Draft financing |Whether to draw up major financing proposal| | |proposal | | |Financing |Financing proposal; Financing agreement |To fund | |Implementation |Progress and monitoring reports |To continue as planned or to re-orient | | | |project (mid-term evaluation); about the | | | |need for extension | |Evaluation |Evaluation study |How to use results in future programming | It is possible to summarize the phases of the PCM discussed by different authors as shown in the following format. |Westland, Jason | | | | | | |(2006) | |RPRLGSP, May 2009() |EC (March 2002) |Lucian CIOLAN (2007) | |Stages | |GTZ (1996) | | | | |1 |Project |Identification phase |Policy setting |Programming |Programming | | |initiation | | | | | |2 |Project planning | Concept phase |Project Identification |Identification |Identification | |3 |Project execution|Implementation phase |Appraisal |Appraisal |Formulation | |4 |Project closure | |Formulation/planning |Financing |Implementation | |5 | | |Contracting/ commitment |Implementation |Evaluation | |6 | | |Implementation, monitoring |Evaluation |Audit | | | | |midterm evaluation | | | |7 | | |Final evaluation | | | Furthermore these stages of project cycle presented by different authors can be summarized in three phases.These are Preparation, Implementation and Project Closure Evaluation. 3. Analysis: Project Identification Selection According to Westland, Jason (2006) the project identification and selection of the project cycle is slotted in the Project Initiation Phase. Within the initiation phase, the business problem or opportunity is identified, a solution is defined, a project is formed and a project team is appointed to build and deliver the solution to the customer. Figure 3: shows t he activities undertaken during the initiation phase: [pic] Figure 3: Project initiation activities Develop a business case: The trigger to initiating a project is identifying a business problem or opportunity to be addressed.A business case is created to define the problem or opportunity in detail and identify a preferred solution for implementation. The business case includes: [pic] A detailed description of the problem or opportunity; [pic] A list of the alternative solutions available; [pic] An analysis of the business benefits, costs, risks and issues; [pic] A description of the preferred solution; [pic] A summarized plan for implementation The business case is then approved by an identified project sponsor, and the required funding is allocated to proceed with a feasibility study. Undertake a feasibility study: At any stage during or after the creation of a business case, a formal feasibility study may be commissioned.The purpose of a feasibility study is to assess the likelih ood of each alternative solution option achieving the benefits outlined in the business case. The feasibility study will also investigate whether the forecast costs are reasonable, the solution is achievable, the risks are acceptable and the identified issues are avoidable. Establish the terms of reference: After the business case and feasibility study have been approved, a new project is formed. At this point, terms of reference are created. The terms of reference define the vision, objectives, scope and deliverables for the new project. They also describe the organization structure, activities, resources and funding required to undertake the project. Any risks, issues, planning assumptions and constraints are also identified.Appoint the project team: The project team is now ready to be appointed. Although a project manager may be appointed at any stage during the life of the project, the manager will ideally be appointed prior to recruiting the project team. The project manager cr eates a detailed job description for each role in the project team, and recruits people into each role based on their relevant skills and experience. Set up a project office: The project office is the physical environment within which the team is based. Although it is usual to have one central project office, it is possible to have a virtual project office with project team members located around the world.A project office environment should include: [pic] Equipment, such as office furniture, computer equipment, stationery and materials; [pic] Communications infrastructure, such as telephones, computer network, e-mail, Internet access, file storage, database storage and backup facilities; [pic] Documentation, such as a project methodology, standards, processes, forms and registers; [pic] Tools, such as accounting, project planning and risk modeling software. Perform a phase review: At the end of the initiation phase, a phase review is performed. This is basically a checkpoint to ens ure that the project has achieved its objectives as planned.RPRLGSP (May 2009): Policy Setting precede the project identification stage. Policy Setting is the establishment of the development vision guiding the Local Authority and it includes the strategic planning process whereby the long term direction of the Local Authority is established. Accordingly Project Identification is the stage 2 of the project cycle is Project identification or initiation, where Local Authorities identify projects from an assessment of existing demand for goods or services based on 3 main sources, †¢ The Council’s Strategic Plan/IDP †¢ The annual LASDAP consultations where citizens articulate their needs †¢ Baseline surveys and diagnostic studies to meet special needsThe main practice in Local Authorities however, is to follow their primary mandates in the choice of projects, with additional ‘demand’ projects from LASDAP priorities. This planning is often called Ã¢â‚¬Ë œdemand led planning’ and is often disjointed from the more proactive policy and strategic planning process that has been described in stage 1. The problem with this demand approach is that project feasibility and sustainability is affected because the demands led planning comes with vested interests not matched with an objective appraisal of projects. As a result, LAs invest in a fragmented portfolio of projects that are neither linked to the national plans nor to their own strategic plans.It is important therefore, that at the project identification/initiation stage, LAs choose projects from many alternative ideas or schemes that balance between local demands, strategic priorities, ongoing diagnostics, and research or baseline studies. To determine ‘demand’ projects from communities or stakeholders, 2 key elements are involved; (i) needs analysis and (ii) situation analysis. i) Needs Analysis: Analysing the present actual situation can be ‘problem basedâ €™ or ‘opportunity based’. It concerns identifying the priority problems/ opportunities and their main causes, and identifying the causes that can be addressed by the project intervention.It is essential to understand the resources within the community or from others, that are relevant to tackling the problems. It is important therefore that all many citizens and stakeholder groups get the chance to express the problems they experience and recommend solutions. Discussions, opinions and clarifications by the problem ‘owners’ should be respected. The Manual on Community Participation has elaborate guidelines on how to conduct participatory needs assessment situation analysis. This ensures that ‘ownership’ which is part of the project pre-feasibility is established from people’s needs and requirements. ii) Situation Analysis: Situation analysis concerns identifying the priority problems/ opportunities and their main causes.This is an i mportant factor because people’s desires and assessment of their needs, may be based on ‘symptoms’ of an underlying or situational factor; addressing the symptoms will not solve the problems because the cause and effect have not been properly analysed. A properly planned intervention should therefore combine both needs analysis and situational analysis, based upon a correct and complete analysis of the existing situation. This involves analysing the present actual situation through various methods (transect walk, social mapping, gender analysis etc). The method chosen, can be ‘problem based’ e. g. what are the prevalent problem situations or ‘opportunity based’, e. g. is there an opportunity to serve people with disability?After discussion and clarification by the ‘problem owner’ or people affected by the problem, all opinions should be respected. The aim is to create a picture of reality. The existing situation should be in terpreted according to the views, needs, interests and activities of parties concerned. It is essential that all those involved accept the plans and are committed to implement them. A greater involvement of the beneficiaries and stakeholders in defining local problems, identifying solutions and implementing them ensures that the resulting programmes are more effective and sustainable. Participatory methods aim to create ownership and commitment among the involved parties.Once the projects are identified from needs situational assessments, the LA should consider the priority projects to be undertaken, and to do this, they must subject those needs/priorities to further review. This introduces the 3rd stage of the project cycle, project appraisal stage. VLIR (July 2002): Within the VLIR programme framework, problems, needs and interests of possible stakeholders are analysed and ideas for projects and other actions are identified and formulated in broad terms. This involves a study of the project context to obtain an idea of the relevance, the feasibility and sustainability of the proposal. A comparison of this information with the funding criteria will allow an assessment of the funding chances. The EU Project Cycle Management model takes PROGRAMMING as an initial phase of the process.In the training manual prepared by Lucian CIOLAN (2007) it is indicated that during the Programming phase, the situation at national and sectoral level is analyzed to identify problems, constraints and opportunities which co-operation could address. This involves a review of socio-economic indicators, and of national and donor priorities. The purpose is to identify the main objectives and sectoral priorities for co-operation, and thus to provide a relevant and feasible programming frame-work within which projects can be identified and prepared. According to EC manual the main question asked at project identification phase is: â€Å"Is the project concept relevant to priority local needs and consistent with EC policy priorities? The manual further describes the purpose of the identification stage as: †¢ identify project ideas that are consistent with partner and EC development priorities; †¢ assess the relevance and likely feasibility of these project ideas; †¢ under the ‘Programme approach’, prepare a Financing Proposal or an Identification Fiche for individual projects, and †¢ prepare a financing decision for a Programme of projects, or determine the scope of further work required during the formulation stage for individual projects. NB: Each project ‘general objective’ should be derived from an appropriate objective statement in the Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Planning or from a relevant sector policy or programme objective.During the identification phase the key assessments required to help ensure the relevance and feasibility of a project idea are: (i) assessment of policy and programming f ramework; (ii) stakeholder analysis, including institutional capacity assessment; (iii) problem analysis, including scoping of crosscutting issues (e. g. gender, governance, environment); (iv) assessment of other ongoing and planned initiatives, and assessment of lessons learned; (v) preliminary objectives and strategy analysis; (vi) preliminary assessment of resource and cost parameters; (vii) preliminary assessment of project management, coordination and financing arrangements; and (viii) preliminary assessment of economic/financial, environmental, technical and social sustainability issues.The key documents required by the EC at the identification stage of the cycle are therefore: †¢ Terms of reference for any EC funded prefeasibility studies; †¢ The Identification Fiche, including as appropriate draft terms of reference for a feasibility/design study; or †¢ A Financing Proposal for a programme/package of projects (e. g Action Programme together with Project Fiches ). EC Manual (March 2002):During the Programming phase, the situation at national and sectoral level is analyzed to identify problems, constraints and opportunities which co-operation could address. This involves a review of socio-economic indicators, and of national and donor priorities.The purpose is to identify the main objectives and sectoral priorities for co-operation, and thus to provide a relevant and feasible programming frame-work within which projects can be identified and prepared. For each of these priori-ties, strategies that take account of the lessons of past experience will be formulated. During the Identification phase, and within the framework established by the Country Strategy Paper, the stress is on analysis of relevance of project ideas, which includes an analysis of the stakeholders and of the likely target groups and beneficiaries (who they are: women and men from different socio-economic groups; assessment of their potentials, etc. and of the situation, inc luding an analysis of the problems they face, and the identification of options to address these problems. Sectoral, thematic or â€Å"pre-feasibility† studies may be carried out (including consultations with stakeholders) to help identify, select or investigate specific ideas, and to define what further studies may be needed to formulate a project or action. The outcome is a decision on whether or not the option(s) developed should be further studied in detail. Overall responsibility for Identification is with EuropeAid who initiates missions, studies and related preparatory work (including consultations with others donors and potential co-financing) in order to define the activities (projects, programmes, sectoral support, etc. ) to be financed.A priority list is established indicating which projects should be appraised immediately for a rapid start of implementation, in the following year and so on. 4. Case Studies: Case Study 1: Project Identification Based Countries Stra tegy: African Development Bank Group (August 2008): Project linkages with country strategy and objectives The Tanzania mainland’s National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty, known by its Kiswahili acronym, ‘MKUKUTA’ covers the period 2005-2010. It identifies three clusters of broad outcomes: i) economic growth and poverty reduction; ii) improvement of the quality of live and social wellbeing; and iii) governance and accountability.Goal 3 of Cluster (ii) addresses increased access to clean, affordable and safe water, sanitation, decent shelter and a safe and sustainable environment. Zanzibar’s Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUZA) has been developed as a response to similar development needs. Zanzibar Development Vision 2020 provides the over-arching framework to reduce poverty. The Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP 2007-2010), Cluster 2, Social Services and Well Being, includes amongst others goals for i) increased access to c lean, safe and affordable water and ii) improved sanitation and sustainable environment. The Joint Assistance Strategy for Tanzania (JAST) is a compact between Government and Development Partners (DPs) for managing development co-operation.It came into force in 2006. The efforts to harmonise aid management systems on the mainland with those on Zanzibar are at an advanced stage. Case Study 2: Project Identification Based on the Local Problems: UNDP (2006): Lare (a community in Kenya-Africa) is a dry area with no permanent rivers. It receives an average of 700 millimeters of rainfall a year but this varies widely from one year to another. It is also unevenly distributed among the seasons. Farmers in Lare have identifies four major constraints to agricultural production, with scarcity of water as a major one. Before 1998, about 70 percent of all households in the area experienced shortages of water.In addition, not only was there insufficient water, but it was also of poor quality and caused a high incidence of water born diseases. In 1999, a project involving nine collaborating institutions was initiated to address rainwater harvesting practices and water treatment along with other technologies required by the farmers. The two case studies discussed above represent different factors for project identification. In case of Case 1 project consideration was given to the linkage of the project to the overall country strategy. This is taken as the main justification for the identification of a given project as a priority need of the country. In Case 2 project the local situation of the community was taken as the means for the project identification.Depending on the country’s strategy alone sometimes may lead to wrong conclusion. The country strategy may be outdated such that may lack to capture the changes that have occurred since the time of its formulation. The reality on the ground particularly the conditions in the target community may not warrant the feasi bility of the project and can lead to the failure of implementation. On the other hand many NGOs in developing country are focusing on target community needs in the identification of projects without recognition of the country strategy. This again can lead to the question of sustainability of the implemented projects due to lack of acceptance of the endeavors by the local and national governments.Therefore, the identification stage of PCM needs to